ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18986131Keywords:
Hybrid electric vehicles; Energy management systems; Model predictive control; Reinforcement learning; Optimization methods; Intelligent control; Multi-objective optimization; Real-time implementation.Abstract
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) rely on advanced energy management systems (EMS) to optimally
coordinate power flow between multiple energy sources, thereby enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions.
This comprehensive review examines 304 peer-reviewed publications, with an in-depth analysis of 30 highly relevant
studies published between 2009-2024. Four principal EMS categories are identified: optimization-based methods,
predictive control strategies, learning-based techniques, and hybrid approaches. Recent findings report fuel economy
improvements of 4.7-13.2% and battery life extensions of up to 54.9%. The analysis reveals a clear transition toward
intelligent, adaptive, and real-time control frameworks. In particular, hybrid architectures integrating reinforcement
learning with model predictive control demonstrate strong potential for practical implementation and next-generation
vehicle integration.
References
Bo, T., et al. „A Real-Time Energy Management Strategy for Off-Road Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on the Expected
SARSA.“ Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2022.
Yu, H., et al. „Energy Management Strategies for Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Fuel Efficiency
and Degradation of Lithium-Ion Batteries.“ SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles, vol. 12, no. 3, 2023.
Panday, A., et al. „Energy Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Particle Swarm Optimization Method.“ IEEE
Power India International Conference, 2016.
Hu, X., et al. „Reinforcement Learning for Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management: Recent
Advances and Prospects.“ IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 2019.
„A Two-Layer Real-Time Optimal Control for Intelligent Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Connectivity.“ 2022 IEEE 25th
International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2022.
Jin, L., et al. „Research on the Control Strategy Optimization for Energy Management System of Hybrid Electric
Vehicle.“ International Conference on Robotics and Automation Engineering, 2017.
Jiahui, L., et al. „Energy Management of a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle with CVT Using Model Predictive Control.“
Chinese Control Conference, 2016.
Hu, J., et al. „A Hybrid Algorithm Combining Data-Driven and Simulation-Based Reinforcement Learning Approaches
to Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles.“ IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2023.
Zhao, M., et al. „Energy Control of HEV Based on Fuzzy Controller Optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization.“
Advanced Materials Research, vol. 936, pp. 2155-2160, 2014.
Al-Aawar, N., et al. „Optimal Control Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain.“ IEEE Journal of Emerging and
Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2015.
Dan-hong, X., et al. „Optimization of Hybrid Power System Control Strategy for HEV.“ 2012.
Bai, S., et al. „Battery Anti-Aging Control for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle with a Hierarchical Optimization Energy
Management Strategy.“ Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019.
Kong, Z., et al. „Implementation of Real-Time Energy Management Strategy Based on Reinforcement Learning for
Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Simulation Validation.“ PLOS ONE, 2017.
„A Real-Time Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy with Multi-Objective Optimization for a Fuel Cell Hybrid
Electric Vehicle.“ IEEE Access, 2022.
Song, C., et al. „Adaptive Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Dynamic Environments Based
on Reinforcement Learning.“ Designs, vol. 8, no. 5, 2024.
Caux, S., et al. „A Combinatorial Optimisation Approach to Energy Management Strategy for a Hybrid Fuel Cell
Vehicle.“ Energy, 2017.
Zhao, Y., et al. „Real-Time Optimal Energy Management of Heavy-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles.“ SAE International
Journal of Alternative Powertrains, 2013.
Chen, Z., et al. „Optimal Energy Management of a Hybrid Electric Powertrain System Using Improved Particle Swarm
Optimization.“ Applied Energy, 2015.
Hwang, H., et al. „Optimized Fuel Economy Control of Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Particle Swarm
Optimization.“ Energies, vol. 13, no. 9, 2020.
Musa, A., et al. „Energy Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Q-Learning Solution for Enhanced Drivability and
Energy Efficiency.“ Energies, vol. 17, no. 1, 2023.
Chen, Z., et al. „Stochastic Model Predictive Control for Energy Management of Power-Split Plug-In Hybrid Electric
Vehicles Based on Reinforcement Learning.“ Energy, 2020.
Jia, C., et al. „Adaptive Model-Predictive-Control-Based Real-Time Energy Management of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric
Vehicles.“ IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2023.
Liu, Y., et al. „Computationally Efficient Energy Management for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Adaptive
Dynamic Programming.“ IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, 2023.
Li, J., et al. „Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Linear Time-Varying Model Predictive Control.“
International Journal of Powertrains, 2024.
Hu, X., et al. „Integrated Power and Thermal Management of Connected HEVs via Multi-Horizon MPC.“ 2020.
Shuai, B., et al. „Heuristic Action Execution for Energy-Efficient Charge-Sustaining Control of Connected Hybrid
Vehicles with Model-Free Double Q-Learning.“ Applied Energy, 2020.
Chen, Z., et al. „Optimal Strategies of Energy Management Integrated with Transmission Control for a Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Using Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization.“ Energy, 2018.
Yu, H., et al. „A Dynamic Programming-Based Control Strategy with Optimum Efficiency of Hybrid Energy Storage
System for HEV.“ Advanced Materials Research, vol. 1092-1093, pp. 165-169, 2015.
Yang, C., et al. „Reinforcement Learning-Based Real-Time Intelligent Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
in a Model Predictive Control Framework.“ Energy, 2023.
Borhan, H., et al. „Predictive Energy Management of a Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle.“ American Control
Conference, 2009.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 MUHANDISLIK VA IQTISODIYOT
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.